India, Hyderabad, 1869-1911 AD., Mir Mahbub Ali Khan, Hyderabad mint, Paisa, KM Y 12.

India, Indian princely states, Hyderabad, Nizam Mir Mahbub Ali Khan (ruled AH 1285-1329 / 1868-1911 AD.), in the name of Asaf Jah, mint Farkhanda Bunyad Hyderabad, struck ca. 1869-1911 AD.,
Paisa ("Dub") (14 x 21 x 5 mm / 10,85 g), copper, rectangular flan, axes (as pictured) irregular alignment ↑↗ (ca. 40°),
Obv.: ... , "Asaf Jah, Nizam al-Mulk" in Persian script, date below (off flan, dates in KM: 1290-1313).
Rev.: ... , mint name "Farkhandah Bunyad Haiderabad" in Persian script.
KM Y 12 . (many sizes and weights; round, rectangular, or irregular shape) , for more complete flans and texts cf. http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php/topic,19278.msg130206.html#msg130206 , http://www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=66821

Lieutenant-General H.H. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VI, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Mahbub 'Ali Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad, born 17 August 1866, died 29 August 1911, ruled 1869 - 1911.
Proclaimed on the death of his father, 28th February 1869. Ascended the musnaid at the Qadim Haveli, Hyderabad, 29th February 1869. reigned under a Council of Regency until he came of age. Invested with full ruling powers by the Viceroy, the Marquess of Ripon, in person, 5th February 1884. Attended the Coronation Durbar at Delhi 1903. Hon Lieut-Gen British Army 24/6/1910. Nizām-ul-mulk was a title first used in Urdu around 1600 to mean Governor of the realm or Deputy for the Whole Empire. The word is derived from the Arabic word, Nizām (نظام), meaning order, arrangement. The Nizam was referred to as Ala Hadrat / Ala Hazrat or Nizam Sarkar, meaning His Exalted Highness.

The Nizam-ul-Mulk of Hyderabad, popularly known as the Nizam of Hyderabad, was a former monarch of the Hyderabad State, now divided into the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra on a linguistic basis. Nizam, shortened from Nizam-ul-Mulk, meaning Administrator of the Realm, was the title of the sovereigns of Hyderabad State, since 1724, belonging to the Asaf Jah dynasty,

The Asaf Jah dynasty was of Turkic origin from the region around Samarkand in modern day Uzbekistan, The dynasty was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi, a viceroy of the Deccan under the Mughal Empire from 1713 to 1721. He intermittently ruled after Aurangzeb's death in 1707. In 1724, Mughal control lapsed, and Asaf Jah declared himself independent in Hyderabad.

Following the decline of the Mughal power, India saw the rise of Maratha Empire. The Nizam himself saw many invasions by the Marathas, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular tax (Chauth) to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizam include Palkhed, Udgir, Rakshasbhuvan, and Kharda, in all of which the Nizam lost.

In 1798 Hyderabad became a princely state under the British East India Company's suzerainty. By a subsidiary alliance, it ceded control of its external affairs to the Company.
In 1903 the Berar region of the state was separated and merged into the Central Provinces of British India, to form the Central Provinces and Berar.
In 1947, at the time of the partition of India, Britain offered the 566 princely states in the sub-continent the option of acceding to either India or Pakistan, or remaining independent.

Hyderabad was the largest and most prosperous of all princely states in India. It covered 82,698 square miles (214,190 km2) of fairly homogenous territory and had a population of roughly 16.34 million people (as per the 1941 census), of which a majority (85%) was Hindu. Hyderabad State had its own army, airline, telecommunication system, railway network, postal system, currency and radio broadcasting service.

The Nizam decided to keep Hyderabad independent, unlike the other princely states, most of which acceded to India or to Pakistan voluntarily. The leaders of the new Indian Union did not want an independent - and possibly hostile - state in the heart of their new country. and were determined to assimilate Hyderabad into the Indian Union, by force if necessary. In September 1948, in Operation Polo, the Indian Army marched into Hyderabad, deposed the Nizam, and annexed the state into the Indian Union.

Seven Nizams ruled Hyderabad for two centuries until 1947. The Asaf Jahi rulers were great patrons of literature, art, architecture, and culture, and rich food. The Nizams patronized Persian art, Persian architecture and Persian culture, which became central to the Hyderabadi Muslim identity. The Nizam was known for his wealth and jewelry collection collection.The last Nizam had been the richest man in the world. The Nizams also developed the railway, and the introduction of electricity; developed roads, airways, irrigation and reservoirs; in fact, all major public buildings in Hyderabad City were built during his reign under the British Raj. He pushed education, science, and establishment of Osmania University

Jan Lingen: "The name Dub is derived from the Telugu "Dabbu" used for copper coins of approx. 13.5 g. The name was in use only in south-east India. The British used the term Dub, The Dutch Dabu and the French Dabou. Dubs were produced by Hyderabad, but also by the foreign trading Companies, like the British, Dutch and French. Particular in Machhlipatan there was a large output of Dubs.